Review++Resources

Here are some resources made by other teachers that may be helpful to review: [|Important Legislation] [|Supreme Court Cases #1] [|Supreme Court Cases #2] [|Glossary]

You will need to answer and **STUDY** the following questions. //__You should keep you answers as succinct and detailed as possible__// //A.// [|//__The Nature of Governments:__//] 1. Describe some of the purposes of ‘government’.
 * AP US Government & Politics Content Review**
 * Directions:** Each subsection is hyperlinked to either the [|**__HippoCampus website__**] or the Flat World Knowledge E-Book.
 * __I. Constitutional Beginnings:__**

2. What are some of the differences between a **monarchy** and a **dictatorship**?

3. Compare/contrast a **direct democracy** with an **indirect democracy**.

//B.// [|//__Theories of Democracy__//]//__:__// 4. Define and provide examples for each of the following theories of democracy:
 * || Write the Definition in **__10__** words or less || List Examples of each Theory ||
 * **Traditional Theory of Democracy** ||  ||   ||
 * **Pluralist Theory of Democracy** ||  ||   ||
 * **Elite Theory of Democracy** ||  ||   ||
 * **Hyperpluralism Theory of Democracy** ||  ||   ||

//C.// [|//__The Policy-Making Cycle__//]//__:__// 5. From what sources do Americans become **politically socialized?**

6. Summarize the steps of the **policy-making cycle:**

//D.// [|//__Enlightenment Political Philosophies__//]//__:__// 7. Compare the political theories of **Thomas Hobbes** & **John Locke**
 * List the Political Theories of **Thomas Hobbes** || Identify the **__similarities__** of both Hobbes and Locke || List the Political Theories of **John Locke** ||

//A.// [|//__Declaration of Independence__//]//__:__// 8. Explain how the Declaration of Independence incorporated some of the ideas of John Locke.
 * __II. American Documents:__**

//B.// [|//__The Articles of Confederation__//]//__:__// 9. List some of the powers held by the central government in the Articles of Confederation.

10. Describe some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

11. How did **Shays’ Rebellion** show some of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

//C.// [|//__The U.S. Constitution__//]//__:__// 12. Describe the concept of **factions**.

13. List the features of the **Connecticut (Great) Compromise**.

14. Explain the controversy over the creation of the **Three-Fifths Compromise**.

//D.// [|//__Constitutional Principles__//]//__:__// 15. Describe the meaning of the following constitutional principles: //E.// [|//__Structure of the Constitution__//]//__:__// 16. Define the following concepts using six words or less. All three of these concepts are forbidden under the US Constitution.
 * Principle || Write the Definition in **__10__** words or less || Provide an Example of the Principle ||
 * **Popular sovereignty** ||  ||   ||
 * **Limited government** ||  ||   ||
 * **Separation of powers** ||  ||   ||
 * **Checks and balances** ||  ||   ||
 * **Judicial review** ||  ||   ||
 * **Federalism** ||  ||   ||
 * Concept || Write the Definition in **__10__** words or less ||
 * **Writ of Habeas Corpus** ||  ||
 * **Bills of Attainder** ||  ||
 * **Ex Post Facto Laws** ||  ||

17. Define the meaning of the following constitutional provisions.
 * Constitutional Provision || Write the Definition in **__10__** words or less ||
 * **“Full Faith and Credit Clause”** ||  ||
 * **“Supremacy Clause”** ||  ||

//F.// [|//__The Purpose and Intent of the Founders__//]//__:__// 18. Why did many states want the US Constitution to include a Bill of Rights?

19. Describe how the following court cases shaped the evolution of the Bill of Rights: - **//Barron v. Baltimore//** (1833):

- **//Gitlow v. New York//** (1925):

//G.// [|//__The Bill of Rights__//]//__:__// 20. While being as succinct & detailed as possible, describe the freedoms contained in the Bill of Rights: //H.// [|//__Amendments After the Bill of Rights__//]//__:__// 21. Succinctly describe the provisions of each of the following amendments:
 * Bill of Rights || List the freedoms contained in each amendment ||
 * **1st Amendment** ||  ||
 * **2nd Amendment** ||  ||
 * **3rd Amendment** ||  ||
 * **4th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **5th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **6th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **7th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **8th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **9th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **10th Amendment** ||  ||
 * Amendment || Explain the amendment in **__10__** words or less ||
 * **11th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **12th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **13th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **14th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **15th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **16th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **17th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **18th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **19th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **20th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **21st Amendment** ||  ||
 * **22nd Amendment** ||  ||
 * **23rd Amendment** ||  ||
 * **24th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **25th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **26th Amendment** ||  ||
 * **27th Amendment** ||  ||

//A.// [|//__Defining Federalism__//]//__:__// 22. What is **federalism**?
 * __III. American Federalism:__**

23. Why did the Founders feel that dividing power was necessary?

24. Compare and contrast **Dual Federalism** and **Cooperative Federalism**. 25. Define the meaning of **decentralization**. How does the US federal system display **decentralization**?
 * **Explain Dual Federalism** || **How are they both similar?** || **Explain Cooperative Federalism** . ||

//B.// [|//__Separation of National and State Governments__//]//__:__// 26. Define the following types of constitutional powers
 * Constitutional Powers || Brief Definition in **//__10__//** words or less || Examples ||
 * **Enumerated powers** ||  ||   ||
 * **Implied powers** ||  ||   ||
 * **Inherent powers** ||  ||   ||
 * **Reserved powers** ||  ||   ||
 * **Concurrent power** ||  ||   ||

27. Why is the “**necessary and proper clause**” commonly called the **elastic clause**?

28. Describe the important precedent set by **//McCulloch v. Maryland//** (1819).

29. Describe the important precedent set by **//Gibbons v. Ogden//** (1824).

//C.// [|//__Cooperative Federalism__//]//__:__// 30. Why is **cooperative federalism** often referred to as **marble cake federalism**?

31. Describe how the US government has become more cooperative.

//D.// [|//__Fiscal Federalism__//]//__:__// 32. Describe the meaning of **fiscal federalism**.

33. How does fiscal federalism resemble the “carrot and a stick” metaphor?

34. Define the meaning of the following grants-in-aid:
 * Types of Grants-in-Aid || Write the Definition in **__10__** words or less ||
 * **Categorical Grants** ||  ||
 * **Formula Grants** ||  ||
 * **Block Grants** ||  ||

35. Explain the controversy of the federal government creating **unfunded mandates** for states. How does **No Child Left Behind** exemplify the meaning of an unfunded mandate?

36. Describe the concept of **devolution**.

A. [|//__The Function of Parties in America__//]__:__ 37. List and describe the __five__ functions of **political parties**.
 * __IV. Political Parties & Voting Behavior:__**

38. Define **partisanship** in six words or less.

B. [|//__Third Parties__//]__:__ 39. Describe how and why third parties begin.

40. Explain how the American political system limits the influence of third parties.

41. Describe how third parties can act as “spoilers” in elections. Provide a recent example.

C. [|//__Organization of Parties__//]__:__ 42. Describe the organization of American political parties—include information regarding the **national committees, national chairpersons, national conventions, and state committees**.

43. Explain the purpose of **primary elections**.

44. List the pros and cons of **political machines**.

D. [|//__Factors that Lead to Party Identification__//]__:__ 45. Describe the trends of party identification when it comes to religion, education, age, and economics.

E. [|//__Party Realignment and Dealignment__//]__:__ 46. What happens during **party realignment**? Provide some examples of realignment occurring.

47. What happens during **party dealignment**? Why do many political scientists feel that the US is in a period of party dealignment—how does “**divided government**” play a role?

F. [|//__Demographics__//]__:__ 48. Using the most recent data from this [|chart], put a mark identifying how each group tends to vote.
 * **Demographics** || Put a mark **//__if__//** the group **//__tends__//** to vote for Democrats. || Put a mark **//__if__//** the group t **//__tends__//** to vote for Republicans. || Put a mark **//__if__//** the group **//__tends__//** to inconclusively vote for a political party. ||
 * Gender: Men ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Gender: Women ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Race: White ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Race: Non-White ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Education: College ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Education: High School ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Occupation: Professional/Business ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Occupation: White Collar ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Occupation: Manual Labor ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Occupation: Union Members ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Age: Under 30 ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Age: 30-49 ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Age: 50 and over ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Religion: Protestant ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Religion: Catholic ||  ||   ||   ||
 * **Demographics** || Put a mark **//__if__//** the group **//__tends__//** to vote for Democrats. || Put a mark **//__if__//** the group **//__tends__//** to vote for Republicans. || Put a mark **//__if__//** the group **//__tends__//** to inconclusively vote for a political party. ||
 * Region: East ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Region: Midwest ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Region: South ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Region: West ||  ||   ||   ||

G. [|//__Intensity__//]__:__ 49. How does **political efficacy** affect voter intensity?

50. What is the difference between **internal efficacy** and **external efficacy**?

51. Based on what you have learned this year, what is the most important factor that determines if a person votes? What demographic groups tend to vote less often? (You will need to use past notes to answer this question)

//A.// [|//__Cost of Elections__//]//__:__// 52. Explain why campaigns for office cost so much money.
 * __V. Elections:__**

53. Why do political interest groups participate in **electioneering**?

54. Why did **Political Action Committees** (PACs) begin? What do PACs do?

55. Even though interest groups often have a negative reputation, how do interest groups positively influence the US?

//B.// [|//__Campaign Finance Reform__//]//__:__// 56. Define **soft money**. How did the McCain-Feingold Act (2002) attempt to limit soft money?

57. What important precedent came from the famous **//Buckley v. Valeo//** (1976) court case? How was this changed by the **//Citizens United//** case?

58. Describe the job of the **Federal Elections Commission** (FEC).

//C.// [|//__Incumbency__//]//__:__// 59. Define the word **incumbent**. Why do members in the House of Representatives tend to have a higher reelection rate than do members in the Senate?

60. List the advantages incumbents have when it comes to winning reelection. Include information about **franking, pork-barrel legislation,** and **credit claiming**.

//D.// [|//__House and Senate Elections__//]//__:__// 61. List the qualifications to run for the House of Representatives.

62. What factor determines how many members a state receives in the House of Representatives?

63. Define the concept **single-member districts**.

64. Describe the meaning of **marginal districts** and **safe districts**.

65. How did the passage of the 17th Amendment impact senatorial elections?

66. List the qualifications to run for the US Senate.

//E.// [|//__The Electoral College__//]//__:__// 67. Discuss why the Framers were hesitant to allow a popular vote to determine who would become president.

68. Briefly explain how the **Electoral College** works. How does the **winner-take-all** feature affect elections

69. List the pros and cons of using the **Electoral College**.
 * **Pros of the Electoral College** || **Cons of the Electoral College** ||

//F.// [|//__Primaries, Caucuses, and the Conventions__//]//__:__// 70. How do **caucuses** differ from **primaries**?

71. How do **closed primaries** differ from **open primaries**?

72. Why do many states try to hold their primaries/caucuses as early as possible? (this is called “**frontloading**”)

73. Describe what occurs at **conventions**.

//G.// [|//__General Elections__//]//__:__// 74. Describe the pros and cons of being an incumbent presidential candidate.
 * **Pros of Being an Incumbent President** || **Cons of Being an Incumbent President** ||

75. Describe the pros and cons of being challenger in a presidential election.
 * **Pros of Being a Challenger** || **Cons of Being a Challenger** ||

//A.// [|//__Composition of the House__//]//__:__// 76. What is the basis for representation in the House of Representatives?
 * __VI. The Legislative Branch:__**

77. What happens during **reapportionment**?

78. Why is **gerrymandering** so controversial? List the current laws when it comes to regulating redistricting. (check your notes!)

79. Identify and explain the precedents from the two Supreme Court case decisions that have ruled on gerrymandering.

80. Describe the hierarchy of leadership in the House of Representatives.

//B.// [|//__Committees and the Iron Triangle__//]//__:__// 81. Why are **committees** an important element in the House?

82. Define the following types of committees: 83. What is an **iron triangle**?
 * Committees || Write the Definition in **__10__** words or less ||
 * **Standing Committee** ||  ||
 * **Joint Committee** ||  ||
 * **Conference Committee** ||  ||
 * **Select Committee** ||  ||

84. List the pros and cons of iron **triangles:**
 * **Pros of Iron Triangles** || **Cons of Iron Triangles** ||

//C.// [|//__Composition of the Senate__//]//__:__// 85. List some of the differences that distinguish the Senate from the House.

//D.// [|//__Power, Committees, and Debates__//]//__:__// 86. Describe the hierarchy of leadership in the Senate. Who has the “real power”?

87. Identify and describe the distinguishing powers of the Senate.

88. What is a **filibuster**? Why do **filibusters** only happen in the Senate, but not the House? How can a filibuster be broken?

//E.// [|//__Route of a Bill through Congress__//]//__:__// 89. Define the following concepts:
 * Lawmaking Concepts || Write the Definition in **__10__** words or less ||
 * Bill ||  ||
 * Public bill ||  ||
 * Private bill ||  ||
 * Resolutions ||  ||
 * Joint resolutions ||  ||
 * Concurrent resolutions ||  ||
 * Cloture ||  ||

90. Using your notes, succinctly outline the steps needed for a bill to become law. Include the role of the House Rules Committee, conference committees, and possible filibuster.

//F.// [|//__Veto Power and Judicial Review__//]//__:__// 91. Identify and explain the four options the president can take after Congress has passed a bill.

92. How can the Supreme Court affect a law?

//A.// [|//__Qualifications and Qualities__//]//__:__// 93. List the constitutional qualifications needed to become president.
 * __VII. The Executive Branch:__**

//B.// [|//__Rules and Contingencies__//]//__:__// 94. Explain the purpose of the **25th Amendment**.

95. Provide a historical example illustrating the **Presidential Succession Act** being used.

96. Specifically explain how a president can be removed from office. Provide at least one historical example of this process being used.

97. How does the **22nd Amendment** limit the president.

//C.// [|//__Express Roles:__//]

98. Describe the **expressed** roles of the president (as laid out in the Constitution):
 * Role || Explanation of Role || Example of Role ||
 * **Commander in Chief** ||  ||   ||
 * **Chief Executive** ||  ||   ||
 * **Chief Diplomat** ||  ||   ||

99. Describe the **expressed** role of the vice president (as laid out in the Constitution):

//D.// [|//__Traditional Roles and Special Powers__//]//__:__// 100. How can the president help other candidate via his/her “**coattails**”?

101. Provide an example showing how the president sometimes might not be leading his political party.

102. Define **pardon**. What is the most //infamous// pardon in US political history?

//E.// [|//__Executive Offices and Staff__//]//__:__// 103. Describe the roles of the following White House offices.
 * White House Office || List the Responsibilities of each office ||
 * **Office of Management and Budget (OMB)** ||  ||
 * **National Security Council** ||  ||
 * **Council of Economic Advisors** ||  ||

104. Why is the **chief of staff** an important asset to the president?

//F.// [|//__Approval Ratings and Public Perception__//]//__:__// 105. Why is the beginning of a president’s term considered to be the “**honeymoon**” phase?

106. Describe factors that often cause a president to have positive public opinion poll figures.

107. Provide historical examples showing how presidential public opinion figures can dramatically decline.

//G.// [|//__Polls and Polling__//]//__:__// 108. Why is polling an important part of the US political system?

109. List the pros and cons of **exit polling**:
 * **Pros of Exit Polling** || **Cons of Exit Polling** ||

//H.// [|//__Media and Press Coverage__//]//__:__// 110. What is the role of the president’s **press secretary**?

111. Why do president’s need to worry about their public image?

//I.// [|//__The Office of Management and Budget__//]//__:__// 112. What is the **federal budget**?

113. Describe the role of the **OMB** in the federal budget process.

114. Where does the federal government receive most of its funding?

//J.// [|//__Surpluses, Deficits, and the National Debt__//]//__:__// 115. Describe what happens when the government runs a **budget surplus**.

116. Describe what happens when the government runs a **budget deficit**. How is the **national debt** related?

117. What items take up the largest percentage of the annual federal budget? Why are entitlements and interest on the national debt considered //fixed spending**?**//

//K.// [|//__Budget Timetable__//]//__:__// 118. In as few words as possible, describe how the federal budget process exemplifies the principle of **checks and**
 * balances**.

119. What issues have we experienced with budgets and divided government?

//A.// [|//__Perceptions of the Bureaucracy__//]//__:__// 120. List the pros and cons of **bureaucracy**.
 * __VIII. The Bureaucracy:__**
 * **Pros of Bureaucracy** || **Cons of Bureaucracy** ||

//B.// [|//__Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy__//]//__:__// 121. Describe the composition of the federal bureaucracy.

122. What is an example of a regulatory agencies?

123. How do **regulatory agencies** differ from **executive agencies**? Provide examples of each type of bureaucratic agency.

//C.// [|//__Bureaucratic Reform__//]//__:__// 124. How were most jobs in government filled before the 1880s? What tragic event took place that changed the staffing of the federal bureaucracy?

125. List the major provisions of the **Hatch Act**.

126. Is the bureaucracy ineffective?

127. Why is the federal government a necessary entity?

//D.// [|//__The Origin of the Cabinet__//]//__:__// 128. Describe the role of each of the following cabinet departments:
 * Cabinet Department || List the Responsibilities/Job of each Department ||
 * **Department of State** ||  ||
 * **Department of Defense** ||  ||
 * **Department of the Treasury** ||  ||
 * **Department of Justice** ||  ||
 * **Department of Homeland Security** ||  ||

//E.// [|//__The Cabinet in Practice__//]//__:__// 129. Who must confirm any leader of a cabinet department?

130. Describe the responsibilities of a cabinet leader.

//F.// [|//__Regulatory Agencies__//]//__:__// 131. Describe the functions of the following regulatory agencies:
 * Regulatory Agency || List the Responsibilities/Job of each Agency ||
 * **Federal Communications Commission (FCC)** ||  ||
 * **Federal Trade Commission (FTC)** ||  ||
 * **Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)** ||  ||
 * **Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)** ||  ||
 * **National Security Council (NSC)** ||  ||
 * **Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)** ||  ||
 * **The Federal Reserve System (FED)** ||  ||

//G.// [|//__Government Corporations__//]//__:__// 132. What Is a **government corporation**

133. List the responsibilities of the following government corporations:
 * Government Corporation || List the Main Responsibilities/Job of each Corporation ||
 * **United States Postal Service (USPS)** ||  ||
 * **Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)** ||  ||
 * **National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)** ||  ||
 * **Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)** ||  ||

//H.// [|//__Legislative and Executive Constraints__//]//__:__// 134. Should the president be able to limit the bureaucracy?



135. List some actions the president can take to limit the power of bureaucratic agencies.

//I.// [|//__Congressional and Judicial Constraints__//]//__:__// 136. List and describe the powers Congress can use to limit bureaucratic agencies.

137. How can the judicial branch limit the power of bureaucratic agengies?

138. Define **issue networks**. Why do some political scientists believe “**issue networks**” are more prevalent than “**iron triangles**”?

//A.// [|//__Constitutional and Legislative Courts__//]//__:__// 139. Describe how checks and balances plays a role in naming federal judges. Why do presidents often follow the unwritten rule of **senatorial courtesy** when nominating state-level judges?
 * __IX. The Judiciary:__**

140. Where in the Constitution are the courts discussed?

141. Compare and contrast **federal district courts** with **federal courts of appeal**:
 * || **Federal District Courts** || **Federal Courts Of Appeal** ||
 * List the type of **//jurisdiction//** for each court ||  ||   ||
 * What is the main job of this type of court? ||  ||   ||
 * # of Courts ||  ||   ||

142. How do **legislative courts** differ from **constitutional courts**?

//B.// [|//__The United States Supreme Court__//]//__:__// 143. In what types of cases does the US Supreme Court hold original jurisdiction?

144. How many cases are appealed to the Supreme Court each year? How many cases does the court usually hear? How many justices is necessary for a case to be granted **writ of certiorari**?

145. Why does the Supreme Court often refuse to hear certain cases?

146. Describe the meaning of the principle **stare decisis**.

147. If the Supreme Court accepts an appellate case, what must each party then do? How much time does each side receive when they argue their case at the Supreme Court?

148. Define the following types of Supreme Court Opinions:
 * Court Opinion || Write the Definition in **__10__** words or less ||
 * **Majority Opinion** ||  ||
 * **Concurring Opinion** ||  ||
 * **Dissenting Opinion** ||  ||
 * **Per Curium Opinion** ||  ||

149. How can **dissenting opinions** play a role after a case is decided? Provide an example.

//C.// [|//__John Marshall and Roger Taney__//]//__:__// 150. What is the //Marshall Court// known for?

151. What is the //Taney Court// known for?

152. Describe the importance of the following court cases:
 * Court Case || List the Precedent of each Case ||
 * **//Marbury v. Madison//** **(1803)** ||  ||
 * **//McCulloch v. Maryland//** **(1819)** ||  ||
 * Court Case || List the Precedent of each Case ||
 * **//Gibbons v. Ogden//** **(1824)** ||  ||
 * **//Scott v. Stanford//** **(1857)** ** à ** **“Ðred Scott decision”** ||  ||

//D.// [|//__Earl Warren__//]//__:__// 153. What is the //Warren Court// known for?

154. Describe the importance of the following court cases:
 * Court Case || List the Precedent of each Case ||
 * **//Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka//** **(1954)** ||  ||
 * **//Gideon v. Wainwright//** **(1963)** ||  ||
 * **//Engel v. Vitale//** **(1963)** ||  ||
 * **//Miranda v. Arizona//** **(1963)** ||  ||

//E.// [|//__Warren Burger__//]//__:__// 155. What is the //Burger Court// known for?

156. Describe the importance of the following court cases:
 * Court Case || List the Precedent of each Case ||
 * **//Roe v. Wade//** **(1973)** ||  ||
 * **//Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey//** **(1992)** ||  ||
 * **//Regents of University of California v. Bakke//** **(1978)** ||  ||

//F.// [|//__Judicial Activism and Restraint__//]//__:__// 157. Describe the meaning of both **judicial activism** and **judicial restraint**.

158. Which philosophy applies to the famous case, //Brown v. Board of Education// (1954)? Why?

159. Why does the Supreme Court try to avoid **political questions**?

//G.// [|//__Judicial Review and Construction__//]//__:__//

160. Describe the court’s power of **judicial review**.

161. Fill in the chart below that deals with different interpretations of the constitution.
 * || **Strict Construction** || **Loose Construction** ||
 * Write the Definition in **__10__** words or less ||  ||   ||
 * Where in the Constitution can you find justification for these different philosophies? ||  ||   ||

//H.// [|//__The Selection Process__//]//__:__//

162. List the qualifications to be a justice on the Supreme Court.

163. What types of characteristics do presidents usually look for when they nominate a justice to the Supreme Court?

164. Explain the purpose of using a political “**litmus test**” when selecting possible federal judges.

//I.// [|//__The Confirmation Process__//]//__:__//

165. Describe what happens at the **confirmation hearing**. Why did the Senate nearly vote against the confirmation of Clarence Thomas?

166. What role do interest groups play in the selection/confirmation of potential Supreme Court justices?


 * __X. Civil Liberties: The Bill of Rights Today__**

A. [|//__Unalienable Rights__//]__:__

167. Define the concept of **unalienable rights**. Provide examples.

168. What is the purpose of the **privileges and immunity clause** that is located in the Constitution? How did the Supreme Court interpret this clause in the infamous //Dred Scott// decision?

169. Why did the Federalists eventually decide to include a national Bill of Rights in order to get the Constitution ratified?

B. [|//__Selective Incorporation__//]__:__

170. Why did the Bill of Rights originally only apply to the national government?

171. How did the case **//Gitlow v. New York//** (1925) affect the interpretation of the Bill of Rights?

172. Compare and contrast the concepts **procedural due process** and **substantive due process**. C. [|//__Wall of Separation__//]__:__
 * Explain **Procedural Due Process** || List how they are Similar || Explain **Substantive Due Process** ||

173. Describe the meaning of the phrase **“wall of separation**” when it comes to freedom of religion.

174. What is the purpose of the First Amendment’s **establishment clause**?

D. [|//__The Establishment Clause in Court__//]__:__

175. According to the famous case, //Lemon v. Kurtzman// (1971), what three criteria must be met in order for the government to provide aid to religious institutions (aka **‘The Lemon Test**’)?

E. [|//__Free Exercise of Religion__//]__:__

176. Describe the history of the USA being known as a country that promotes the free exercise of religion.

177. List the constitutional basis that allows people to practice their religion.

F. [|//__The Free Exercise Clause in Court__//]__:__

178. Describe how the precedents of these cases have shaped the interpretation of the ”Free Exercise Clause”:
 * Court Case || List the Precedent of Case ||
 * **//Reynolds v. United States//** **(1879)** ||  ||
 * **//West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette//** **(1943)** ||  ||
 * **//Wisconsin v. Yoder//** **(1972)** ||  ||
 * **//Employment Division v. Smith//** **(1990)** ||  ||

G. [|//__Significance of Free Speech__//]__:__

179. Define the following types of speech:
 * Type of Speech || Write the Definition in **__10__** words or less || Examples ||
 * **Pure Speech** ||  ||   ||
 * **Speech Plus** ||  ||   ||
 * **Symbolic Behavior** ||  ||   ||

H. //__Rights and Limitations of Free Speech__//__:__

180. Why was the **Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798** considered to be controversial?

181. Describe how the following court cases have limited free speech rights:
 * Court Case || List the Precedent of each Case ||
 * **//Schenck v. United States (1919)//** ||  ||
 * Court Case || List the Precedent of each Case ||
 * **//Gitlow v. New York//** **(1925)** ||  ||
 * **//Johnson v. Texas//** **(1989)** ||  ||
 * **//Tinker v. Des Moines School District//** **(1969)** ||  ||
 * **//Miller v. California//** **(1973)** ||  ||
 * **//New York Times v. Sullivan//** **(1964)** ||  ||
 * **//Chaplinksy v. State of New Hampshire//** **(1942)** ||  ||

I. [|//__Rights and Limitations on Free Press__//]__:__

182. How did the court case **//Near v. Minnesota// (1931)** affect the concept **prior restraint**?

183. Describe the circumstances that led to the **“Pentagon Papers”** case. How did the Supreme Court decide this conflict?

184. How did the precedent of **//Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)//** negatively affect members of the press?

J. [|//__Reasonable Searches and Seizures__//]__:__

185. What led the constitutional framers to protect people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government?

186. Define **probable cause**.

187. Define **warrant**.

188. Why do most students disagree with the court’s decision in **//New Jersey v TLO// (1985)?**

189. How does **//California v Avecedo//** **(1991)** limit one’s freedoms when getting pulled over?

K. [|//__The Exclusionary Rule__//]__:__

190. Define the **exclusionary rule**.

191. Why did civil libertarians praise the court for the **//Mapp v Ohio// (1961)** decision?

192. How did **//United States v Leon// (1984)** alter the Mapp ruling?

L. [|//__Self-incrimination__//]__:__

193. What caused the framers to create protections for the accused?

194. List the protections included in the 5th Amendment that help the accused.

195. Explain how **Miranda v Arizona** **(1966)** shapes the modern interpretation of the 5th Amendment?

196. Do police always have to read someone their Miranda rights? Explain.

M. [|//__Speedy and Public Trials__//]__:__

197. List the protections included in the 6th Amendment that help the accused.

198. How did the court case **//Barker v Wingo//** **(1972)** impact the modern interpretation of a “speedy trial”?

N. [|//__The Right to Counsel__//]__:__

199. What is the importance of the court case **//Gideon v Wainwright// (1963)?**

O. [|//__Capital Punishment__//]__:__

200. Define capital punishment.

201. Explain how federalism plays a role in the use of capital punishment.

202. According to the court case **//Gregg v Georgia// (1976),** what justifies the use of capital punishment?


 * __XI. Civil Rights:__**

//A.// [|//__Civil War Amendments__//]//__:__//

203. What was the purpose of the **13th Amendment**?

204. What were **Black Codes**? Describe the purpose of their usage.

205. What was the original purpose of the **14th Amendment**?

206. How was the “due process clause” of the 14th Amendment used to decide the following Supreme Court cases:

A. **//Lochner v. New York// (1905)**

B. **//Roe v. Wade// (1973)**

207. How was the “equal protection clause” of the 14th Amendment used to decide **//Plessy v. Ferguson// (1896)**? Describe the “**separate but equal doctrine**”.

208. How did the Supreme Court justify the decision in **//Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka// (1954)**?

209. What was the intent of the **15th Amendment**? Explain how the Voting Rights Act (1965) strengthened the 15th Amendment.

//B.// [|//__The Civil Rights Movement__//]//__:__//

210. What methods were used by Civil Rights activists to bring attention to their cause?

211. Describe the contributions made by the following individuals in the Civil Rights Movement:

A. **__W.E.B. DuBois:__**

B. **__A. Philip Randolph:__**

C. **__Martin Luther King Jr.:__**

E. **__Fannie Lou Hamer:__**

//C.// [|//__The Truman Era__//]//__:__//

212. Summarize President Harry Truman’s role in ensuring the equal protection of African Americans.

//D.// [|//__The Eisenhower Era__//]//__:__//

//213.// Why was Eisenhower given the nickname “The New Emancipator”?

214. Describe how Eisenhower’s appointment of Earl Warren played a vital role in the //Brown// decision. How did cities in the South respond to the //Brown// decision?

215. Define **de jure segregation**.

//E.// [|//__The Kennedy - Johnson Era__//]//__:__//

//216.// What are the provisions of the **Civil Rights Act of 1964**?

217. List the protections provided under the **24th Amendment**. Describe the relationship between the 24th Amendment and the **Voting Rights Act of 1965**.

218. What protections are included in the **Civil Rights Act of 1968**?

//F.// [|//__Affirmative Action__//]//__:__//

219. What are the goals of **Affirmative Action** programs?

220. List some of the arguments against the use of **Affirmative Action** programs.

221. What were Allan Bakke’s arguments against the use of **Affirmative Action**? Describe how the Supreme Court decided the Bakke case. (hint—you should have this answer in #156)

222. List the modern precedents created by the two recent Supreme Court cases:
 * Supreme Court Case || List the Precedent of each Case ||
 * **//Grutter v. Bollinger//** **(2001)** ||  ||
 * **//Gratz v. Bollinger//** **(2001)** ||  ||


 * __XII. Policymaking and Domestic Policies:__**

A. [|//__The US Economy:__//]

223. List the features of **capitalism**.

224. Describe some of the factors that led to the collapse of the financial system during the fall of 2008.

225. What is **monetary policy**? Describe the Federal Reserve’s role in making monetary policy.

226. If the Fed wants to stimulate the US economy, they would **buy** government securities. What is the goal of the Fed buying government securities?

227. What is **fiscal policy**? Who is in charge of making **fiscal policy** at the federal level?

228. What role does each of the following agencies play when it comes to the federal budget?
 * **Office of Management and Budget (OMB)** ||  ||
 * **Congressional Budget Office (CBO)** ||  ||

B. [|//__Making Public Policies:__//]

229. How do the Democrats and Republicans solutions differ in regards to shrinking the federal budget deficit?

230. List the roles interest groups play in shaping public policies.

231. How do policymakers use public opinion to shape public policies?

232. What are some of the reasons that cause policies to dramatically change? Provide one historic example.

C. [|//__Major Domestic Policies:__//]

233. What are the pros and cons of the government providing public assistance (**welfare**)?
 * **__Pros__** of Public Assistance || **__Cons__** of Public Assistance ||

234. What types of benefits come from **Social Security**? Describe the potential looming problems facing Social Security?

235. What was the cause for creating the **No Child Left Behind** **Act**? List some of the law’s provision.


 * __XIII. Foreign and National Security Policies:__**

A. [|//__The Executive Branch Makes Foreign and Military Policies:__//]

236. List the formal foreign policy powers of the president.

237. How did the **National Security Act** reorganize the national security establishment?

238. Describe how each of the following items influence foreign policymaking:
 * || In **__10 words or less__** describe the role each group plays in foreign policy ||
 * **National Security Council** ||  ||
 * **State Department** ||  ||
 * **Defense Department** ||  ||
 * **Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)** ||  ||
 * **Department of Homeland Security** ||  ||

B. [|//__Influence from Congress and Outside Government:__//]

239. Identify the formal foreign policymaking powers granted to Congress.

240. How does an **executive agreement** differ from a **treaty**?

241. How do each of the following nongovernmental groups influence foreign policy?
 * **Think Tanks** ||  ||
 * **Interest Groups** ||  ||
 * **Public Opinion** ||  ||

C. [|//__The Major Foreign and National Security Policies:__//]

242. What is **isolationism** and **internationalism**? Which foreign policy approach does the US currently use?

243. What was the idea behind the Cold War policy of **containment**? How did the US try to contain Soviet influence?